Muhammad ﷺ

محمد ﷺ

c. 570–632 CE

Muhammad is the final prophet in Islam, known as the "Seal of the Prophets." Born in Mecca, he received the first Quranic revelation at age 40 in the Cave of Hira. His mission transformed Arabia from polytheism to monotheism. Muslims also identify references to his coming in the Torah (Deuteronomy 18:18) and the Gospel (John 14:16 — the Paraclete).

Timeline

570 CE

Birth in Mecca

الولادة في مكة

Born in the Year of the Elephant to Abdullah and Aminah of the Quraysh tribe

595 CE

Marriage to Khadijah

الزواج من خديجة

Marries Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, a successful merchant; she becomes the first believer

610 CE

First Revelation

نزول الوحي

Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) reveals the first verses of Surah Al-Alaq in the Cave of Hira

613 CE

Public preaching begins

بدء الدعوة الجهرية

After three years of secret preaching, the message is declared publicly to the Quraysh

619 CE

Year of Sorrow

عام الحزن

Death of Khadijah and Abu Talib — Muhammad loses his wife and protector in the same year

620 CE

Isra and Mi'raj

الإسراء والمعراج

The Night Journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and ascension through the heavens

622 CE

Hijra to Medina

الهجرة إلى المدينة

Migration to Medina — marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar

624 CE

Battle of Badr

غزوة بدر

313 Muslims defeat a Quraysh army of 1,000 — the first major military victory

625 CE

Battle of Uhud

غزوة أحد

A difficult battle where the Muslims face setbacks; Muhammad is wounded

628 CE

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

صلح الحديبية

A peace treaty with Quraysh that allows Muslims to perform pilgrimage the following year

630 CE

Conquest of Mecca

فتح مكة

Peaceful entry into Mecca; the Ka'ba is cleansed of idols

632 CE

Farewell Sermon & Passing

خطبة الوداع والوفاة

Delivers the Farewell Sermon at Arafat; passes away in Medina at age 63

Scripture Comparison

Theme الموضوع	Quran القرآن الكريم	Torah / Old Testament التوراة	New Testament العهد الجديد	Avesta الأفستا
The Call البعثة	Al-Alaq 96:1-5 اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ ﴿١﴾ خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ ﴿٢﴾ اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ ﴿٣﴾ الَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ ﴿٤﴾ عَلَّمَ الْإِنسَانَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ ﴿٥﴾ Read in the name of your Lord who created — (1) Created man from a clinging substance. (2) Read, and your Lord is the most Generous — (3) Who taught by the pen — (4) Taught man that which he knew not. (5) Al-Muddathir 74:1-7 يَا أَيُّهَا الْمُدَّثِّرُ ﴿١﴾ قُمْ فَأَنذِرْ ﴿٢﴾ وَرَبَّكَ فَكَبِّرْ ﴿٣﴾ وَثِيَابَكَ فَطَهِّرْ ﴿٤﴾ وَالرُّجْزَ فَاهْجُرْ ﴿٥﴾ وَلَا تَمْنُن تَسْتَكْثِرُ ﴿٦﴾ وَلِرَبِّكَ فَاصْبِرْ ﴿٧﴾ O you who covers himself [with a garment] — (1) Arise and warn — (2) And your Lord glorify — (3) And your clothing purify — (4) And uncleanliness avoid — (5) And do not confer favor to acquire more — (6) But for your Lord be patient. (7) Ad-Duha 93:1-11 وَالضُّحَىٰ ﴿١﴾ وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا سَجَىٰ ﴿٢﴾ مَا وَدَّعَكَ رَبُّكَ وَمَا قَلَىٰ ﴿٣﴾ وَلَلْآخِرَةُ خَيْرٌ لَّكَ مِنَ الْأُولَىٰ ﴿٤﴾ وَلَسَوْفَ يُعْطِيكَ رَبُّكَ فَتَرْضَىٰ ﴿٥﴾ أَلَمْ يَجِدْكَ يَتِيمًا فَآوَىٰ ﴿٦﴾ وَوَجَدَكَ ضَالًّا فَهَدَىٰ ﴿٧﴾ وَوَجَدَكَ عَائِلًا فَأَغْنَىٰ ﴿٨﴾ فَأَمَّا الْيَتِيمَ فَلَا تَقْهَرْ ﴿٩﴾ وَأَمَّا السَّائِلَ فَلَا تَنْهَرْ ﴿١٠﴾ وَأَمَّا بِنِعْمَةِ رَبِّكَ فَحَدِّثْ ﴿١١﴾ By the morning brightness (1) And [by] the night when it covers with darkness, (2) Your Lord has not taken leave of you, nor has He detested [you]. (3) And the Hereafter is better for you than the first [life]. (4) And your Lord is going to give you, and you will be satisfied. (5) Did He not find you an orphan and give [you] refuge? (6) And He found you lost and guided [you], (7) And He found you poor and made [you] self-sufficient. (8) So as for the orphan, do not oppress [him]. (9) And as for the petitioner, do not repel [him]. (10) But as for the favor of your Lord, report [it]. (11)	—	—	—
Night Journey الإسراء والمعراج	Al-Isra 17:1 سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي أَسْرَىٰ بِعَبْدِهِ لَيْلًا مِّنَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ الْأَقْصَى الَّذِي بَارَكْنَا حَوْلَهُ لِنُرِيَهُ مِنْ آيَاتِنَا ۚ إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْبَصِيرُ ﴿١﴾ Exalted is He who took His Servant by night from al-Masjid al-Haram to al-Masjid al-Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed, to show him of Our signs. Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Seeing. (1) An-Najm 53:1-18 وَالنَّجْمِ إِذَا هَوَىٰ ﴿١﴾ مَا ضَلَّ صَاحِبُكُمْ وَمَا غَوَىٰ ﴿٢﴾ وَمَا يَنطِقُ عَنِ الْهَوَىٰ ﴿٣﴾ إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْيٌ يُوحَىٰ ﴿٤﴾ عَلَّمَهُ شَدِيدُ الْقُوَىٰ ﴿٥﴾ ذُو مِرَّةٍ فَاسْتَوَىٰ ﴿٦﴾ وَهُوَ بِالْأُفُقِ الْأَعْلَىٰ ﴿٧﴾ ثُمَّ دَنَا فَتَدَلَّىٰ ﴿٨﴾ فَكَانَ قَابَ قَوْسَيْنِ أَوْ أَدْنَىٰ ﴿٩﴾ فَأَوْحَىٰ إِلَىٰ عَبْدِهِ مَا أَوْحَىٰ ﴿١٠﴾ مَا كَذَبَ الْفُؤَادُ مَا رَأَىٰ ﴿١١﴾ أَفَتُمَارُونَهُ عَلَىٰ مَا يَرَىٰ ﴿١٢﴾ وَلَقَدْ رَآهُ نَزْلَةً أُخْرَىٰ ﴿١٣﴾ عِندَ سِدْرَةِ الْمُنتَهَىٰ ﴿١٤﴾ عِندَهَا جَنَّةُ الْمَأْوَىٰ ﴿١٥﴾ إِذْ يَغْشَى السِّدْرَةَ مَا يَغْشَىٰ ﴿١٦﴾ مَا زَاغَ الْبَصَرُ وَمَا طَغَىٰ ﴿١٧﴾ لَقَدْ رَأَىٰ مِنْ آيَاتِ رَبِّهِ الْكُبْرَىٰ ﴿١٨﴾ By the star when it descends, (1) Your companion [Muhammad] has not strayed, nor has he erred, (2) Nor does he speak from [his own] inclination. (3) It is not but a revelation revealed, (4) Taught to him by one intense in strength [Gabriel] — (5) One of soundness. And he rose to [his] true form (6) While he was in the higher [part of the] horizon. (7) Then he approached and descended (8) And was at a distance of two bow lengths or nearer. (9) And he revealed to His Servant what he revealed. (10) The heart did not lie [about] what it saw. (11) So will you dispute with him over what he saw? (12) And he certainly saw him in another descent (13) At the Lote Tree of the Utmost Boundary — (14) Near it is the Garden of Refuge — (15) When there covered the Lote Tree that which covered [it]. (16) The sight [of the Prophet] did not swerve, nor did it transgress [its limit]. (17) He certainly saw of the greatest signs of his Lord. (18)	—	—	—
Seal of Prophets خاتم النبيين	Al-Ahzab 33:40 مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَا أَحَدٍ مِّن رِّجَالِكُمْ وَلَـٰكِن رَّسُولَ اللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ النَّبِيِّينَ ۗ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمًا ﴿٤٠﴾ Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and seal [last] of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing. (40) Al-Anbiya 21:107 وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةً لِّلْعَالَمِينَ ﴿١٠٧﴾ And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds. (107) Al-Qalam 68:4 وَإِنَّكَ لَعَلَىٰ خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ ﴿٤﴾ And indeed, you are of a great moral character. (4) Al-Fath 48:29 مُّحَمَّدٌ رَّسُولُ اللَّهِ ۚ وَالَّذِينَ مَعَهُ أَشِدَّاءُ عَلَى الْكُفَّارِ رُحَمَاءُ بَيْنَهُمْ ۖ تَرَاهُمْ رُكَّعًا سُجَّدًا يَبْتَغُونَ فَضْلًا مِّنَ اللَّهِ وَرِضْوَانًا ۖ سِيمَاهُمْ فِي وُجُوهِهِم مِّنْ أَثَرِ السُّجُودِ Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah; and those with him are forceful against the disbelievers, merciful among themselves. You see them bowing and prostrating [in prayer], seeking bounty from Allah and [His] pleasure. Their mark is on their faces from the trace of prostration.	—	—	—
Prophecy of Coming البشارة بالنبي	—	Deuteronomy 18:18-19 أُقِيمُ لَهُمْ نَبِيًّا مِنْ وَسَطِ إِخْوَتِهِمْ مِثْلَكَ، وَأَجْعَلُ كَلاَمِي فِي فَمِهِ، فَيُكَلِّمُهُمْ بِكُلِّ مَا أُوصِيهِ بِهِ. وَيَكُونُ أَنَّ الإِنْسَانَ الَّذِي لاَ يَسْمَعُ لِكَلاَمِي الَّذِي يَتَكَلَّمُ بِهِ بِاسْمِي أَنَا أُطَالِبُهُ. "I will raise up for them a prophet like you from among their brothers. And I will put my words in his mouth, and he shall speak to them all that I command him. And whoever will not listen to my words that he shall speak in my name, I myself will require it of him." Isaiah 42:1-4, 10-11 هُوَذَا عَبْدِي الَّذِي أَعْضُدُهُ، مُخْتَارِي الَّذِي سُرَّتْ بِهِ نَفْسِي. وَضَعْتُ رُوحِي عَلَيْهِ فَيُخْرِجُ الْحَقَّ لِلأُمَمِ. لاَ يَصِيحُ وَلاَ يَرْفَعُ وَلاَ يُسْمِعُ فِي الشَّارِعِ صَوْتَهُ. قَصَبَةً مَرْضُوضَةً لاَ يَقْصِفُ، وَفَتِيلَةً خَامِدَةً لاَ يُطْفِئُ. إِلَى الأَمَانِ يُخْرِجُ الْحَقَّ. غَنُّوا لِلرَّبِّ أُغْنِيَةً جَدِيدَةً، تَسْبِيحَهُ مِنْ أَقْصَى الأَرْضِ. لِتَرْفَعِ الْبَرِّيَّةُ وَمُدُنُهَا صَوْتَهَا، الدِّيَارُ الَّتِي سَكَنَهَا قِيدَارُ. "Behold my servant, whom I uphold, my chosen, in whom my soul delights. I have put my Spirit upon him; he will bring forth justice to the nations. He will not cry aloud or lift up his voice or make it heard in the street; a bruised reed he will not break, and a faintly burning wick he will not quench; he will faithfully bring forth justice." … "Sing to the Lord a new song, his praise from the end of the earth… Let the desert and its cities lift up their voice, the villages that Kedar inhabits." Song of Solomon 5:16 حَلْقُهُ حَلاَوَةٌ وَكُلُّهُ مُشْتَهَيَاتٌ. هذَا حَبِيبِي وَهذَا خَلِيلِي يَا بَنَاتِ أُورُشَلِيمَ. (العبرية: מַחֲמַדִּים — محمديم) "His mouth is most sweet; he is altogether desirable [Hebrew: Machamaddim — מַחֲמַדִּים]. This is my beloved and this is my friend, O daughters of Jerusalem." Habakkuk 3:3 اَللهُ جَاءَ مِنْ تِيمَانَ، وَالْقُدُّوسُ مِنْ جَبَلِ فَارَانَ. سِلاَهْ. جَلاَلُهُ غَطَّى السَّمَاوَاتِ، وَالأَرْضُ امْتَلأَتْ مِنْ تَسْبِيحِهِ. "God came from Teman, and the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of his praise."	—	—
The Paraclete الفارقليط	—	—	John 14:16-17, 26 وَأَنَا أَطْلُبُ مِنَ الآبِ فَيُعْطِيكُمْ مُعَزِّيًا آخَرَ لِيَمْكُثَ مَعَكُمْ إِلَى الأَبَدِ، رُوحُ الْحَقِّ الَّذِي لاَ يَسْتَطِيعُ الْعَالَمُ أَنْ يَقْبَلَهُ، لأَنَّهُ لاَ يَرَاهُ وَلاَ يَعْرِفُهُ، وَأَمَّا أَنْتُمْ فَتَعْرِفُونَهُ لأَنَّهُ مَاكِثٌ مَعَكُمْ وَيَكُونُ فِيكُمْ. وَأَمَّا الْمُعَزِّي، الرُّوحُ الْقُدُسُ، الَّذِي سَيُرْسِلُهُ الآبُ بِاسْمِي، فَهُوَ يُعَلِّمُكُمْ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ، وَيُذَكِّرُكُمْ بِكُلِّ مَا قُلْتُهُ لَكُمْ. "And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Helper [Paraclete], to be with you forever, even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, for he dwells with you and will be in you." … "But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you." John 16:7-14 لكِنِّي أَقُولُ لَكُمُ الْحَقَّ: إِنَّهُ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ أَنْ أَنْطَلِقَ، لأَنَّهُ إِنْ لَمْ أَنْطَلِقْ لاَ يَأْتِيكُمُ الْمُعَزِّي، وَلكِنْ إِنْ ذَهَبْتُ أُرْسِلُهُ إِلَيْكُمْ. وَمَتَى جَاءَ ذَاكَ يُبَكِّتُ الْعَالَمَ عَلَى خَطِيَّةٍ وَعَلَى بِرٍّ وَعَلَى دَيْنُونَةٍ. وَأَمَّا مَتَى جَاءَ ذَاكَ، رُوحُ الْحَقِّ، فَهُوَ يُرْشِدُكُمْ إِلَى جَمِيعِ الْحَقِّ، لأَنَّهُ لاَ يَتَكَلَّمُ مِنْ نَفْسِهِ، بَلْ كُلُّ مَا يَسْمَعُ يَتَكَلَّمُ بِهِ، وَيُخْبِرُكُمْ بِأُمُورٍ آتِيَةٍ. ذَاكَ يُمَجِّدُنِي، لأَنَّهُ يَأْخُذُ مِمَّا لِي وَيُخْبِرُكُمْ. "Nevertheless, I tell you the truth: it is to your advantage that I go away, for if I do not go away, the Helper will not come to you. But if I go, I will send him to you. And when he comes, he will convict the world concerning sin and righteousness and judgment." … "When the Spirit of truth comes, he will guide you into all the truth, for he will not speak on his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will declare to you the things that are to come. He will glorify me, for he will take what is mine and declare it to you."	—
Character & Mercy الخلق والرحمة	At-Tawbah 9:128-129 لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا عَنِتُّمْ حَرِيصٌ عَلَيْكُم بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ رَءُوفٌ رَّحِيمٌ ﴿١٢٨﴾ فَإِن تَوَلَّوْا فَقُلْ حَسْبِيَ اللَّهُ لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ عَلَيْهِ تَوَكَّلْتُ ۖ وَهُوَ رَبُّ الْعَرْشِ الْعَظِيمِ ﴿١٢٩﴾ There has certainly come to you a Messenger from among yourselves. Grievous to him is what you suffer; [he is] concerned over you and to the believers is kind and merciful. (128) But if they turn away, [O Muhammad], say, "Sufficient for me is Allah; there is no deity except Him. On Him I have relied, and He is the Lord of the Great Throne." (129) Al-Ahzab 33:45-46 يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِنَّا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ شَاهِدًا وَمُبَشِّرًا وَنَذِيرًا ﴿٤٥﴾ وَدَاعِيًا إِلَى اللَّهِ بِإِذْنِهِ وَسِرَاجًا مُّنِيرًا ﴿٤٦﴾ O Prophet, indeed We have sent you as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner — (45) And one who invites to Allah, by His permission, and an illuminating lamp. (46)	—	—	—
Prophecy of the Final Prophet نبوءة النبي الخاتم	—	—	—	Jamaspi (Jamasp Namag) 3:10-12 قال جاماسب الحكيم: سيأتي رجل من أرض العرب، أتباعه كالتيجان على الرؤوس. سيُسقط ملك الفرس وديانتهم ومعبد النار. وبدلاً من "سروش" و"إيزد" سيُنادى بـ"الله أكبر" و"لا إله إلا الله". Jamaspi the Wise said: A man shall come from the land of the Arabs, his followers like crowns upon heads. He shall overthrow the kingdom of Persia and its religion and its fire-temple. Instead of "Sraosha" and "Izad," they shall call out "Allahu Akbar" and "La ilaha illa Allah." Denkard 7:8.1-3 وعند انقضاء الألفية يظهر أوشيدر (الهادي) الذي سيجدّد الدين ويُعيد الناس إلى سبيل الحقّ. يأتي من نسل زرادشت وتصحبه آيات من السماء، ويجعل الناس يتّبعون الفكر الصالح والقول الصالح والعمل الصالح. At the end of the millennium, Ushedar (the Guide) shall appear, who will renew the religion and lead the people back to the path of Truth. He comes from the seed of Zarathustra, accompanied by signs from heaven, and he shall cause the people to follow good thought, good word, and good deed.